ClickHouse supports two types of materialized views. Incremental (continuous) materialized views act as insert triggers: when data is inserted into a source table, the view's SELECT query runs on the newly inserted block and writes the result to a target table. This provides near real-time transformation with no manual scheduling. Refreshable materialized views take a different approach, rebuilding their entire result set on a schedule (e.g., REFRESH EVERY 1 HOUR). They support DEPENDS ON for chaining views, can execute complex multi-table queries, and do not add per-insert overhead. Choose incremental views when you need real-time results; choose refreshable views when periodic updates are acceptable and you want to avoid insert-time overhead.
承接這類灰色生意的，是俗稱「茶壺」的地方獨立煉廠。「地煉」這一分類起源於1998年的行業重組：政府將加工能力100萬噸/年以上的煉廠劃歸中石油、中石化兩大國企，100萬噸/年以下的82家小型煉廠則交由地方政府管理。「茶壺」的綽號來自國際能源行業，因為這些企業購油方式與中國大型國企迥異——不簽連續長期合同，而是間歇性分批採購，零散得如同茶壺注水。
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For years, one could track the slow decline of social platforms: from algorithmic manipulation and advertising overload, to bot armies, political polarization, and the prioritization of engagement over truth. Yet, the explosion of AI-generated content has dramatically accelerated this downfall. Instead of scrolling for connection, users now find themselves wading through endless streams of repetitive, shallow, or outright meaningless material. This is not just a temporary nuisance. It signals the death of social media as we know it. And in this environment, an old technology—long thought to be obsolete—emerges as a savior: RSS, or Really Simple Syndication. RSS offers a way out of the algorithmic maze, a return to authenticity, and a chance to reclaim control over the information we consume.
文丨观潮科技Pro，作者 | 胡家铭（资深媒体人）